ANCA-Associated Vasculitis (AAV)

Guidelines
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Glomerulonephritis Work Group. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Glomerulonephritis. Kidney inter., Suppl. 2012; 2: 139-274.

Initial therapy
De Groot, K et. al. Pulse Versus Daily Oral Cyclophosphamide for Induction of Remission in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–Associated Vasculitis. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:670-680.

Harper, M et. al. Pulse versus daily oral cyclophosphamide for induction of remission in ANCA-associated vasculitis: long-term follow-up. Ann Rheum Dis 2012:71:955–960.

Stone, J et. al. Rituximab versus Cyclophosphamide for ANCA-Associated Vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2010;363:221-32.

Specks, U. et. al. Efficacy of Remission-Induction Regimens for ANCA-Associated Vasculitis (18 month follow up of RAVE). N Engl J Med 2013;369:417-27.

Maintenance therapy
Jayne, D et. al. A Randomized Trial of Maintenance Therapy for Vasculitis Associated with Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibodies. N Engl J Med 2003;349:36-44.

Guillevin L. et. al. Rituximab versus Azathioprine for Maintenance in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2014;371:1771-80.

Rhee, EP. et.al. Rituximab as Maintenance Therapy for Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5: 1394– 1400, 2010.

Walsh M et al. Plasma Exchange and Glucocorticoids in Severe ANCA-Associated Vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:622-631

Other
Jayne D. et. al. Randomized Trial of Plasma Exchange or High-Dosage Methylprednisolone as Adjunctive Therapy for Severe Renal Vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol 18: 2180–2188, 2007.

Walsh M. et. al. Plasma Exchange for Renal Vasculitis and Idiopathic Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis: A Meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011;57(4):566-574.

Anti-GBM Disease

Guidelines
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Glomerulonephritis Work Group. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Glomerulonephritis. Kidney inter., Suppl. 2012; 2: 139–274.

Initial Therapy
Levy JB, Turner AN, Rees AJ et al. Long-term outcome of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease treated with plasma exchange and immunosuppression. Ann Intern Med 2001;134:1033–1042.

Lupus Nephritis (LN)

Guidelines
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Glomerulonephritis Work Group. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Glomerulonephritis. Kidney inter., Suppl. 2012; 2: 139–274.

Initial Therapy
Houssiau FA. et. al. Immunosuppressive therapy in lupus nephritis: the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial, a randomized trial of low-dose versus high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide. Arth Rheum 46(8): 2121-31, 2002.

Appel G. et. al. Mycophenolate Mofetil versus Cyclophosphamide for Induction Treatment of Lupus Nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 20: 1103-1112, 2009.

Henderson LK. et.al. Induction and Maintenance Treatment of Proliferative Lupus Nephritis: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Am J Kidney Dis 61(1): 74-87, 2012.

Maintenance Therapy
Dooley MA. et.al. Mycophenolate versus Azathioprine as Maintenance Therapy for Lupus Nephritis. N Engl J Med 365: 1186-95, 2011.

Henderson LK. et.al. Induction and Maintenance Treatment of Proliferative Lupus Nephritis: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Am J Kidney Dis 61(1): 74-87, 2012.

Other
Pons-Estel GJ. et.al. Protective Effect of Hydroxychloroquine on Renal Damage in Patients with Lupus Nephritis: Data from LUMINA, a Multiethnic U.S. Cohort. Arth Rheum 61(6): 630-639, 2009.

Bertsias GK. et.al. Joint European League Against Rheumatism and European Renal Association–European Dialysis and Transplant Association (EULAR/ERA-EDTA) recommendations for the management of adult and paediatric lupus nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis 0: 1-12, 2012.

IgA Nephropathy

Guidelines
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Glomerulonephritis Work Group. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Glomerulonephritis. Kidney inter., Suppl. 2012; 2: 139–274.

Initial Therapy
Pozzi C, Bolasco PG, Fogazzi GB et al. Corticosteroids in IgA nephropathy: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999;353:883–887.

Manno C, Torres DD, Rossini M et al. Randomized controlled clinical trial of corticosteroids plus ACE-inhibitors with long-term follow-up in proteinuric IgA nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24:3694–3701.

Lv J, Zhang H, Chen Y et al. Combination therapy of prednisone and ACE inhibitor versus ACE-inhibitor therapy alone in patients with IgA nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2009;53:26–32.

Rauen T, Eitner F, Fitzner C et al. Intensive Supportive Care plus Immunosuppression in IgA Nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(23):2225-36.

Membranous Nephropathy (MN)

Guidelines
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Glomerulonephritis Work Group. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Glomerulonephritis. Kidney inter., Suppl. 2012; 2: 139–274.

Initial Therapy
Ambalavanan S, Fauvel JP, Sibley RK et al. Mechanism of the antiproteinuric effect of cyclosporine in membranous nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996;7:290–298.

Guasch A, Suranyi M, Newton L et al. Short-term responsiveness of membranous glomerulopathy to cyclosporine. Am J Kidney Dis 1992;20:472– 481.

Fervenza F et al. Rituximab or Cyclosporine in the Treatment of Membranous Nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2019; 381:36-46

Praga M, Barrio V, Juarez GF et al. Tacrolimus monotherapy in membranous nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial. Kidney Int 2007;71:924– 930.

Ponticelli C, Zucchelli P, Imbasciati E et al. Controlled trial of methylprednisolone and chlorambucil in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1984;310:946–950.

Jha V, Ganguli A, Saha TK et al. A randomized, controlled trial of steroids and cyclophosphamide in adults with nephrotic syndrome caused by idiopathic membranous nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007;18:1899–1904.

Ponticelli C, Altieri P, Scolari F et al. A randomized study comparing methylprednisolone plus chlorambucil versus methylprednisolone plus cyclophosphamide in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998;9:444–450.

Focal and Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)

Guidelines
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Glomerulonephritis Work Group. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Glomerulonephritis. Kidney inter., Suppl. 2012; 2: 139–274.

Initial Therapy
Braun N, Schmutzler F, Lange C, Perna A, Remuzzi G, Risler T, Willis NS. Immunosuppressive treatment for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jul 16;(3):CD003233.

Cattran DC, Rao P. Long-­‐term outcome in children and adults with classic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998 Jul;32(1):72-9.

Cattran DC, Appel GB, Hebert LA, Hunsicker LG, Pohl MA, Hoy WE, Maxwell DR, Kunis CL. A randomized trial of cyclosporine in patients with steroid-resistant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. North America Nephrotic Syndrome Study Group. Kidney Int. 1999 Dec;56(6):2220-6.

Duncan N, Dhaygude A, Owen J, Cairns TD, Griffith M, McLean AG, Palmer A, Taube D. Treatment of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis in adults with tacrolimus monotherapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004 Dec;19(12):3062-7.

Korbet SM, Schwartz MM, Lewis EJ. Primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: clinical course and response to therapy. Am J Kidney Dis. 1994 Jun;23(6):773-83.

Ponticelli C, Rizzoni G, Edefonti A, Altieri P, Rivolta E, Rinaldi S, Ghio L, Lusvarghi E, Gusmano R, Locatelli F, et al. A randomized trial of cyclosporine in steroid-resistant idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int. 1993 Jun;43(6):1377-84.

Rydel JJ, Korbet SM, Borok RZ, Schwartz MM. Focal segmental glomerular sclerosis in adults: presentation, course, and response to treatment. Am J Kidney Dis. 1995 Apr;25(4):534-42.

Segarra A, Vila J, Pou L, Majó J, Arbós A, Quiles T, Piera LL. Combined therapy of tacrolimus and corticosteroids in cyclosporin-resistant or -dependent idiopathic focal glomerulosclerosis: a preliminary uncontrolled study with prospective follow-up. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002 Apr;17(4):655-62.

Minimal Change Disease (MCD)

Guidelines
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Glomerulonephritis Work Group. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Glomerulonephritis. Kidney inter., Suppl. 2012; 2: 139–274.

Initial Therapy
Tse KC, Lam MF, Yip PS, Li FK, Choy BY, Lai KN, Chan TM. Idiopathic minimal change nephrotic syndrome in older adults: steroid responsiveness and pattern of relapses. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003;18(7):1316.

Nakayama M, Katafuchi R, Yanase T, Ikeda K, Tanaka H, Fujimi S. Steroid responsiveness and frequency of relapse in adult-onset minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39(3):503.

Nolasco F, Cameron JS, Heywood EF, Hicks J, Ogg C, Williams DG. Adult-onset minimal change nephrotic syndrome: a long-term follow-up. Kidney Int. 1986;29(6):1215.

Waldman M, Crew RJ, Valeri A, Busch J, Stokes B, Markowitz G, D'Agati V, Appel G. Adult minimal-change disease: clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2(3):445.

Ponticelli C, Edefonti A, Ghio L, Rizzoni G, Rinaldi S, Gusmano R, Lama G, Zacchello G, Confalonieri R, Altieri P. Cyclosporin versus cyclophosphamide for patients with steroid-dependent and frequently relapsing idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1993;8(12):1326.

Li X, Li H, Chen J, He Q, Lv R, Lin W, Li Q, He X, Qu L, Suya W. Tacrolimus as a steroid-sparing agent for adults with steroid-dependent minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23(6):1919.

Takei T, Itabashi M, Moriyama T, Kojima C, Shiohira S, Shimizu A, Tsuruta Y, Ochi A, Amemiya N, Mochizuki T, Uchida K, Tsuchiya K, Nitta K. Effect of single-dose rituximab on steroid-dependent minimal-change nephrotic syndrome in adults. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013 May;28(5):1225-32. Epub 2012 Dec 13.

Ravani P, Ponticelli A, Siciliano C, Fornoni A, Magnasco A, Sica F, Bodria M, Caridi G, Wei C, Belingheri M, Ghio L, Merscher-Gomez S, Edefonti A, Pasini A, Montini G, Murtas C, Wang X, Muruve D, Vaglio A, Martorana D, Pani A, Scolari F, Reiser J, Ghiggeri GM. Rituximab is a safe and effective long-term treatment for children with steroid and calcineurin inhibitor-dependent idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int. 2013;84(5):1025.